Injection Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is the most common parenterally used magnesium salt in clinical practice.

Injection Magnesium sulfate is available in different concentrations.

Each ml contains:

  Magnesium Sulfate USP 500 mg

  4.06 mEq or 2.03 mmol Magnesium ions

  Osmolarity 4,060 mOsm/L

50% Magnesium Sulfate per ampoule: 1 gm/2 ml and 5 gm/10 ml

  Magnesium Sulfate USP 2 gm/10 ml

  Magnesium Sulfate USP 1 gm/10 ml

Conversion relationships: Magnesium Sulfate 1 gm = 4 mmol mg = 8 mEq mg

Magnesium is the second most common intracellular cation. It is an essential co-factor in many biochemical reactions and plays a vital role in nerve transmission, neurochemical transmission, cardiac excitability, muscular excitability, and vasomotor tone. It also affects the regulation of calcium and potassium.

Magnesium sulfate is an effective treatment for eclampsia, but the exact mechanism of action remains unclear and is suggested to be multi-factorial (works through both vascular and neurological mechanisms) [1]. Different proposed mechanisms are:

REFERENCES

1. Euser AG, Cipolla MJ. Magnesium sulfate for the treatment of eclampsia: A brief review. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1169–75.
2. Vigorito C, Giordano A, Ferraro P, et al. Hemodynamic effects of magnesium sulfate on the normal human heart. Am J cardiol 1991;67(16):1435–7.
3. Kaya M, Ahishali B. The role of magnesium in edema and blood brain barrier disruption. In: Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet]. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507252/.
4. Li X, Han X, Yang J, et al. Magnesium sulfate provides neuroprotection in eclampsia-like seizure model by ameliorating neuroinflammation and brain edema. Mol Neurobiol 2017;54:7938–7948.
5. Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003;24(2):47–66.
6. Zwer F. Factors affect neuromuscular transmission and block. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access 2016;6(1):00216.
7. Dube L, Granry JC. The therapeutic use of magnesium in anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency medicine: a review. Can J Anaesth 2003;50(7):732–746.
8. Abramovici A, Cantu J, Jenkins SM. Tocolytic therapy for acute preterm labor. ObstetGynecol Clin North Am. 2012;39(1):77–87.
9. Gourgoulianis KI, Chatziparasidis G, Chatziefthimiou A, et al. Magnesium as a relaxing factor of airway smooth muscles. J Aerosol Med 2001;14(3):301–307.
10. Kelly HW. Magnesium sulfate for severe acute asthma in children. J PediatrPharmacolTher. 2003;8(1):40–45.
11. Skou JC, Butler KW, Hansen O. The effect of magnesium, ATP, P i, and sodium on the inhibition of the (Na++ K+)-activated enzyme system by g-strophanthin. BiochimBiophys Acta. 1971;241(2):443–61.
12. Agus MS, Agus ZS. Cardiovascular actions of magnesium. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17(1):175–86.
13. Millane TA, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Is hypomagnesemia arrhythmogenic? Clin Cardiol 1992;15(2):103–8.
14. DiCarlo LA Jr, Morady F, de Buitleir M, et al. Effects of magnesium sulfate on cardiac conduction and refractoriness in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7(6):1356–62.
15. Kasaoka S, Tsuruta R, Nakashima K, et al. Effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate on cardiac arrhythmias in critically ill patients with low serum ionized magnesium. JpnCirc J. 1996;60(11):871–5.
16. Huang CL, Kuo E. Mechanism of hypokalemia in magnesium deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18(10):2649–2652.
17. Thwaites CL, Yen LM, Cordon SM, et al. Urinary catecholamine excretion in tetanus. Anaesthesia 2006;61(4):355–359.
18. Attygalle D, Rodrigo N. Magnesium as first line therapy in the management of tetanus: A prospective study of 40 patients. Anaesthesia 2002;57(8):778–817.
19. Kole AK, Roy R, Kar SS, et al. Experience of use of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of tetanus in a tertiary referral infectious disease hospital, Kolkata, India. Ann Trop Med Health 2013;6:456–9.
20. Rodrigo C, Fernando D, Rajapakse S. Pharmacological management of tetanus: an evidence-based review. Crit Care 2014;18(2):217.
21. Cook TM, Protheroe RT, Handel JM. Tetanus: a review of the literature, Br J Anaesth, 2001;87(3):477–87.
22. Thwaites CL, Yen LM, Cordon SM, et al. Effect of magnesium sulphate on urinary catecholamine excretion in severe tetanus. Anaesthesia 2008;63(7):719–725.
23. Soliman HM, Mercan D, Lobo SS, et al. Development of ionized hypomagnesemia is associated with higher mortality rates. Crit Care Med 2003;31(4):1082–7.
24. Chernow B, Bamberger BSS, Stoiko M, et al. Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care. Chest 1989;95(2):391–397.
25. Deheinzelin D, Negri EM, Tucci MR, et al. Hypomagnesemia in critically ill cancer patients: A prospective study of predictive factors. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000;33(12):1443–8.
26. Rubeiz GJ, Thill-Baharozian M, Hardie D, et al. Association of hypomagnesemia and mortality in acutely ill medical patients. Crit Care Med. 1993;21(2):203–9.
27. Limaye CS, Londhey VA, Nadkar MY, et al. Hypomagnesemia in critically ill medical patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2011;59:19–22.
28. Fairley J, Glassford NJ, Zhang L, et al. Magnesium status and magnesium therapy in critically ill patients: A systematic review. J Crit Care. 2015;30(6):1349–1358.
29. Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA, Slatopolsky E. Clinical consequences and management of hypomagnesemia. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009;20(11):2291–2295.
30. Velissaris D, Karamouzos V, Pierrakos C, et al. Hypomagnesemia in critically ill sepsis patients. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(12):911–8.
31. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 Suppl 3):729–67.
32. Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation. 1988;77(2):392–7.
33. Kraft MD, Btaiche IF, Sacks GS, et al. Treatment of electrolyte disorders in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005;62(16):1663–82.
34. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):e237–e260.
35. Magee LA, De Silva DA, Sawchuck D, et al. 376-Magnesium Sulphate for Fetal Neuroprotection. SOGC Clinical practice guideline 2019;41(4):505–522.
36. Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014;28(5):CD010909.
37. Current recommendations for treatment of tetanus during humanitarian emergencies. WHO Technical Note. World Health Organization January 2010.
38. Hammond DA, Stojakovic J, Kathe N, et al. Effectiveness and safety of magnesium replacement in critically ill patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit in an academic medical center: a retrospective, cohort study. J Intensive Care Med. 2019;34(11–12):967–972.
39. Van de Wal-Visscher ER, Kooman JP, van der Sande FM. Magnesium in chronic kidney disease: should we care?. Blood Purif. 2018;45(1–3):173–178.
40. Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10(7):1616–22.
41. Pritchard JA. The use of the magnesium ion in the management of eclamptogenictoxemias. SurgGynecolObstet 1955;100(2):131–40.
42. Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet. 1995;345(8963):1455–63.
43. WHO recommendations for Prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. World Health Organization 2011.
44. Magee LA, Pels A, Helewa M, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: executive summary. J ObstetGynaecol Can 2014;36(5):416–41.
45. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline [NG133] Published: 25 June 2019. Visit: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng133.
46. Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, et al. Do women with preeclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Lancet 2002;359(9321):1877–90.
47. Livingston JC, Livingston LW, Ramsey R, et al. Magnesium sulfate in women with mild preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101(2):217–20.
48. Cahill AG, Macones GA, Odibo AO, et al. Magnesium for seizure prophylaxis in patients with mild preeclampsia. ObstetGynecol 2007;110(3):601–7.
49. Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Chou D. Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010;(10):CD000128.
50. Duley L, Gülmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ, et al. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;2010(11):CD000025.
51. Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Walker GJA, et al. Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010;2010(12):CD000127.
52. Belfort MA, Anthony J, Saade GR, et al. A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. Nimodipine Study Group. N Engl J Med 2003;348(4):304–11.
53. Duley L, Gülmezoglu AM, Chou D. Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010;2010(9):CD002960.
54. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Hypertensive Disorders. In: Williams Obstetrics, 25th edition McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.p.710.
55. Hall DR, Odendaal HJ, Smith M. Is the prophylactic administration of magnesium sulphate in women with pre-eclampsia indicated prior to labour? BJOG 2000;107(7):903–8.
56. Salinger DH, Mundle S, Regi A, et al. Magnesium sulphate for prevention of eclampsia: are intramuscular and intravenous regimens equivalent? A population pharmacokinetic study. BJOG 2013;120(7):894–900.
57. Managing complications in pregnancy and childbirth: a guide for midwives and doctors – 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization;2017.
58. Chollat C, Marret S. Magnesium sulfate and fetal neuroprotection: overview of clinical evidence. Neural Regen Res 2018;13(12):2044–2049.
59. Jayaram PM, Mohan MK, Farid I, et al. Antenatal magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection: a critical appraisal and systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. J Perinat Med 2019;47(3):262–269.
60. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Martins JG, Biggio JR, et al. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #52: Diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction: (Replaces Clinical Guideline Number 3, April 2012). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(4):B2–B17.
61. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW, et al. Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(20):2669–76.
62. Rouse DJ, Hirtz DG, Thom E, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med 2008;359(9):895–905.
63. Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(1):CD004661.
64. Nguyen TMN, Crowther CA, Wilkinson D, et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at term for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(2):CD009395.
65. Zeng X, Xue Y, Tian Q, et al. Effects and safety of magnesium sulfate on neuroprotection: a meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95(1):e2451.
66. Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, et al. Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2017;14(10):e1002398.
67. Committee Opinion No 652: Magnesium Sulfate Use in Obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(1):e52–e53.
68. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee Opinion No. 573: Magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(3):727–8.
69. FDA recommends against prolonged use of magnesium sulfate to stop pre-term labor due to bone changes in exposed babies. https://www.fda.gov/media/85971/download (Accessed on July 25, 2020).
70. Cheuk DKL, Chau TC, Lee SL. A meta-analysis on intravenous magnesium sulphate for treating acute asthma. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(1):74–7.
71. Su Z, Li R, Gai Z. Intravenous and nebulized magnesium sulfate for treating acute asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PediatrEmerg Care. 2018;34(6):390–395.
72. 2020 GINA Pocket Guide - Global Initiative for Asthma. Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention (for adult and children older than 5 years). A Pocket Guide for Health Professionals Updated 2020.
73. Silverman RA, Osborn H, Runge J, et al. Acute Asthma/Magnesium Study Group. IV magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute severe asthma: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2002;122(2):489–97.
74. Griffiths B, Kew KM. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating children with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;29(4):CD011050.
75. Özdemir A, Doğruel D. Efficacy of magnesium sulfate treatment in children with acute asthma. Med PrincPract. 2020;29(3):292–298.
76. Irazuzta JE, Paredes F, Pavlicich V, et al. High-dose magnesium sulfate infusion for severe asthma in the emergency department: efficacy study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17(2):e29–33.
77. Torres S, Sticco N, Bosch JJ, et al. Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary- level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2012;110(4):291–6.
78. Mathew JL, Walia M. Systematic review on efficacy of magnesium (intravenous or nebulized) for acute asthma episodes in children. Indian Pediatr 2017;54(2):133–137.
79. Knightly R, Milan SJ, Hughes R, et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;11(11):CD003898.
80. Khan AM, Lubitz SA, Sullivan LM, et al. Low serum magnesium and the development of atrial fibrillation in the community. Circulation 2013;127(1):33–38.
81. Markovits N, Kurnik D, Halkin H, et al. Database evaluation of the association between serum magnesium levels and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the community. Int J Cardiol 2016;205:142–146.
82. Ceremuzynski L, Gebalska J, Wolk R, et al. Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. J Intern Med. 2000;247(1):78–86.
83. Eisenberg MJ. Magnesium deficiency and sudden death. Am Heart J. 1992;124(2):544–549.
84. Alghamdi AA, Al-Radi OO, Latter DA. Intravenous magnesium for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 2005;20(3):293–299.
85. Gu WJ, Wu ZJ, Wang PF, et al. Intravenous magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of 7 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Trials. 2012;13:41.
86. Burgess DC, Kilborn MJ, Keech AC. Interventions for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation and its complications after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. European Heart Journal 2006;27(23):2846–57.
87. Miller S, Crystal E, Garfinkle M, et al. Effects of magnesium on atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Heart. 2005;91(5):618–623.
88. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ, Paterson T. Use of intravenous magnesium to treat acute onset atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Heart. 2007;93(11):1433–40.
89. Onalan O, Crystal E, Daoulah A, et al. Meta-analysis of magnesium therapy for the acute management of rapid atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(12):1726–32.
90. Bouida W, Beltaief K, Msolli MA, et al. Low-dose magnesium sulfate versus high dose in the early management of rapid atrial fibrillation: randomized controlled double-blind study (LOMAGHI study). AcadEmerg Med. 2019;26(2):183–191.
91. Salaminia S, Sayehmiri F, Angha P, et al. Evaluating the effect of magnesium supplementation and cardiac arrhythmias after acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018;18(1):129.
92. Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Europace 2015;17(11):1601–87.
93. Panchal AR, Berg KM, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. 2018 American heart association focused update on advanced cardiovascular life support use of antiarrhythmic drugs during and immediately after cardiac arrest: an update to the American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 2018;138:e740–e749.
94. Whang R, Whang DD, Ryan MP. Refractory potassium repletion. A consequence of magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(1):40–5.
95. Abbott LG, Rude RK. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993;19(4–5):314–22.
96. Baker WL. Treating arrhythmias with adjunctive magnesium: identifying future research directions. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2017;3(2):108–117.
97. Hansen BA, Bruserud Ø. Hypomagnesemia in critically ill patients. J Intensive Care 2018;6:21.
98. Rodrigo C, Samarakoon L, Fernando SD, et al. A meta-analysis of magnesium for tetanus. Anaesthesia 2012;67(12):1370–4.
99. Corbo J, Esses D, Bijur PE, et al. Randomized clinical trial of intravenous magnesium sulfate as an adjunctive medication for emergency department treatment of migraine headache. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38(6):621–7.
100. Demirkaya S, Vural O, Dora B, et al. Efficacy of intravenous magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Headache. 2001;41(2):171–7.
101. Chiu HY, Yeh TH, Huang YC, et al. Effects of intravenous and oral magnesium on reducing migraine: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician 2016;19(1):E97–112.
102. Orr SL, Friedman BW, Christie S, et al. Management of adults with acute migraine in the emergency department: the american headache society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2016;56(6):911–40.
103. Miller AC, K Pfeffer B, Lawson MR, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate to treat acute headaches in the emergency department: a systematic review. Headache. 2019;59(10):1674–1686.
104. The State of the Migraine Nation, Migraine care rapid research review. Migraine nation - The Migraine Trust 2020.
105. Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Tepper SJ, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(5):345–353.
106. Shahrami A, Assarzadegan F, Hatamabadi HR, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects of magnesium sulfate vs. dexamethasone/metoclopramide on alleviating acute migraine headache. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(1):69–76.
107. Baratloo A, Mirbaha S, Delavar KH, et al. Intravenous caffeine citrate vs. magnesium sulfate for reducing pain in patients with acute migraine headache; a prospective quasi-experimental study. The Korean Journal of Pain. 2017;30(3):176–182.
108. Delavar KH, Amiri M, Negida A, et al. Ketorolac versus magnesium sulfate in migraine headache pain management; a preliminary study. Emergency (Tehran, Iran). 2017;5(1):e2.
109. Chia RY, Hughes RS, Morgan MK. Magnesium: a useful adjunct in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2002;9(3):279–81.
110. Dorhout MSM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, et al. Achieved serum magnesium concentrations and occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia and poor outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):729–731.
111. Zhao XD, Zhou YT, Zhang X, et al. A meta-analysis of treating subarachnoid haemorrhage with magnesium sulfate. J ClinNeurosci. 2009;16(11):1394–7.
112. Westermaier T, Stetter C, Vince GH, et al. Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulfate for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(5):1284–1290.
113. Kunze E, Lilla N, Stetter C, et al. Magnesium protects in episodes of critical perfusion after aneurysmal SAH, Translational Neuroscience 2018;9(1):99–105.
114. Soliman R, Zohry G. Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64–71.
115. Muir KW, Lees KR, Ford I, et al. Magnesium for acute stroke (Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9407):439–45.
116. Dorhout MSM, Algra A, Vandertop WP, et al. Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9836):44–49.
117. Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35:93–112.
118. Golan E, Vasquez D, Ferguson N, et al. Prophylactic magnesium for improving neurologic outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J CritCare. 2013;28(2):173–81.
119. Reddy D, Fallah A, Petropoulos JA, et al. Prophylactic magnesium sulfate for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(2):356–64.
120. Saver JL, Starkman S, Eckstein M, et al. Prehospital use of magnesium sulfate as neuroprotection in acute stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(6):528–536.
121. Avgerinos KI, Chatzisotiriou A, Haidich AB, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2019;50(4):931–938.
122. Ni H, Aye SZ, Naing C. Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;5(5):CD013506.
123. Jahangir A, Zia Z, Niazi MRK, et al. Efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Respir Med. 2022;90(2):125–133.
124. Makwana S, Patel A, Sonagara M. Correlation Between Serum Magnesium Level and Acute Exacerbation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cureus. 2022;14(6):e26229.
125. Guerrera MP, Volpe SL, Mao JJ. Therapeutic uses of magnesium. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(2):157–162.
126. Efstratiadis G, Sarigianni M, Gougourelas I. Hypomagnesemia and cardiovascular system. Hippokratia. 2006;10(4):147–152.
127. Xiong J, He T, Wang M, et al. Serum magnesium, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Nephrol. 2019;32(5):791–802.
128. Mehrizi M, Fontem RF, Gearhart TR, et al. Medications and Myasthenia Gravis (A Reference for Health Care Professionals). Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA. 2012.
129. Singh P, Idowu O, Malik I, et al. Acute respiratory failure induced by magnesium replacement in a 62-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2015;42(5):495–7.
130. Grissinger M. Avoiding patient harm from a magnesium bolus dose. P T. 2014;39(2):81–129.